Practically, word boundaries are selected that maximise the evidence for an internal model of how individual words are generated. It casts speech segmentation as the selection of internal actions, corresponding to the placement of word boundaries. The 'active' aspect involves (covertly) segmenting spoken sentences and borrows ideas from active vision. First, we describe a generative model of spoken words that simulates (i) how discrete lexical, prosodic, and speaker attributes give rise to continuous acoustic signals and conversely (ii) how continuous acoustic signals are recognised as words. The notion of active listening inherits from active inference, which considers perception and action under one universal imperative: to maximise the evidence for our (generative) models of the world. Electronic address: paper introduces active listening, as a unified framework for synthesising and recognising speech. Electronic address: 6 The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK. Electronic address: 5 The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK. Electronic address: 4 The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK. Electronic address: 3 The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK. Electronic address: 2 The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK. 1 The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.

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